能源化学(英文版)

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The Future of Gas-to-Liquids as a Gas Monetisation Option

Hock Cheng Heng;Suhaili Idrus

2004, 13 (2): 63-70.

摘要 ( 8452 )

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The paper introduces gas to liquids (GTL) as a monetising option from a technology, marketing and project perspective. GTL is complementary to LNG and pipelines. At the same time, using natural gas as a source for fuels in the form of GTL helps countries around the world to diversify their energy supplies. Furthermore, gas-based products are inherently cleaner than oil products. Shell s proprietary GTL technology or SMDS (Shell Middle Distillates Synthesis), is discussed in some detail. The paper also covers the challenges for successful implementation of GTL projects and why Shell is well positioned to take a lead in the industry on the basis of its long standing and broad experience in GTL research, plant operations, marketing and excellent track record in mega projects in the last thirty years. Shell s commitment to GTL is best demonstrated by the recent signing of a Heads of Agreement with Qatar Petroleum for the construction of the world s largest GTL plant. A key success factor is Shell s experience with marketing quantities of high quality GTL products from its 12,500 barrels per day plant at Bintulu, Malaysia since 1993. Further marketing opportunities will arise when new GTL capacity comes on-stream in the middle east when more quantities will become available to bulk users. Amongst the most interesting market will be automotive transportation, where clean GTL fuels can be positioned as an `alternative fuel beyond oil providing energy security to host countries. Shell is actively engaging with a number of regulators, automotive companies and governments worldwide including China, to demonstrate the performance of GTL and its cost effectiveness in reducing local emissions. An added benefit is that GTL can use existing infrastructure and requires no investment. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the coal to liquids (CTL) process as an alternative route to produce high quality GTL products and the key issues relating to the process.

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Methane - the Promising Career of a Humble Molecule

Serge Kioes;Waldemar Liebner

2004, 13 (2): 71-78.

摘要 ( 10374 )

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Methane, CH4, here represents natural gas (NG) of which it is the main constituent. Routes of chemical utilisation of NG --- as opposed to energy usage --- are discussed. A main step is the conversion of NG to synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H2. Simple molecules derived from synthesis gas, like methanol, can be further reacted to longer-chained hydrocarbons like propylene and other olefins and even to gasoline and diesel.

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Current Current Status and Development Trend of Natural Gas Industry in China

Jingming Li;;Dongxu Li;Xiaojun Li;Fudong Zhang;

2004, 13 (2): 79-81.

摘要 ( 7237 )

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In China, the proven reserves of natural gas is 3.86 trillion cubic meters (tcm). This figure will quite possibly increase at a high speed in the future. At present, the annual production of natural gas has exceeded 34 billion cubic meters (bcm), which, likewise, will rise sharply. The pipeline construction has basically taken shape, which will be gradually perfected. And the gas consumption market is in the startup stage, which will be rapidly expanded in the quite near future.

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Conversion of Methane to Hydrogen via Pulsed Corona Discharge

Lekha Nath Mishra;Kanetoshi Shibata;Hiroaki Ito;Noboru Yugami;Yasushi Nishida

2004, 13 (2): 82-86.

摘要 ( 7078 )

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Experiments are performed to develop a pulsed corona discharge system for the conversion of methane to hydrogen at atmospheric pressure (≈760 Torr) without using a catalyst. The corona discharge was energized by 10-12us wide voltage pulses (≤7 kV) at a repetition rate of about 1.0-1.5 kHz. The residual gases were characterized by mass spectrometry. The conversion of methane is as high as 50.8% producing the 70% yield of hydrogen. The influences of argon on the discharge of methane were studied. This result could be useful for the mass production of hydrogen in both academic and industrial point of view.

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Water/Oil Biphasic Hydroformylation of Higher Olefins over a TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

Hejun Zhu;Yunjie Ding;Fu Yang;Li Yan;Jianmin Xiong;Hongmei Yin;Liwu Lin

2004, 13 (2): 87-90.

摘要 ( 8107 )

PDF(261KB) ( 1948 )

Abstract: A novel TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst, prepared by directly modifying a heterogeneous highsurface- area Rh/SiO2 catalyst with water-soluble TPPTS ligands, could decrease the resistance of mass transfer in water/oil biphasic media for the hydroformylation of higher olefins. The catalytic performance for hydroformylation on this biphasic TPPTS-Rh/SiO2 catalyst system was higher than those of the traditional biphasic HRhCO(TPPTS)3 systems, owing to the chemical bonds between the highly dispersed Rh metal particles and the TPPTS ligands. The catalyst system is applicable for hydroformylation of higher olefins such as 1-dodecene.

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Effect of Preparation Techniques of Y-Mo/HZSM-5 on Its Activity in Methane Aromatization

Qiying Wang;;Weiming Lin

2004, 13 (2): 91-95.

摘要 ( 8069 )

PDF(316KB) ( 1988 )

The production of benzene directly from methane aromatization under oxygen-free condition is currently a new focus in natural gas utilization. The influence of preparation techniques of the catalysts on their catalytic activities is studied in this paper. The influencing factors include the impregnating method, the calcination temperature, the promoter content and the acidity of the zeolite support. Optimum preparation techniques for the catalysts are obtained through this work.

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FT-IR Study of Carbon Nanotube Supported Co-Mo Catalysts

Hongyan Shang;Chenguang Liu;Fei Wei

2004, 13 (2): 95-100.

摘要 ( 8385 )

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In this paper, adsorption properties of dibenzothiophene (DBT) on carbon nanotube, carbon nanotube supported oxide state and sulfide state CoMo catalysts are studied by using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique and FT-IR spectroscopy. Activated carbon support, -Al2O3 support and supported CoMo catalysts are also subjected to studies for comparison. It was found that sulfide state CoMoS/MWCNT, CoMoS/AC and CoMoS/ -Al2O3 catalysts adsorbed much more DBT molecules than their corresponding oxide state catalysts, as well as their corresponding supports. The chemically adsorbed DBT aromatic molecules did not undergo decomposition on the surface of supports, supported oxide state CoMo catalysts and sulfide state CoMo catalysts when out-gassing at 373 K. FT-IR results indicated that DBT molecules mainly stand upright on the active sites (acid sites and/or transition active phases) of CoMoS/MWCNT catalyst. However, DBT aromatic molecules mainly lie flat on MWCNT and CoMoO/MWCNT.

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Effects of Citric Acid Concentration and Activation Temperature on the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Fengyi Li;Minwei Wang;Rongbin Zhang;Renzhong Wei;Niancai Peng

2004, 13 (2): 101-106.

摘要 ( 11072 )

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A series of Ni-La-Mg catalyst samples were prepared by citric acid complex method, and carbon nanotubes were synthesized by catalytic decomposition of CH4 on these catalysts. The effects of the citric acid concentration and the activation temperature on catalytic activity were investigated by CO adsorption, TEM and XRD techniques. The experimental results showed that the particle size of the catalysts prepared through gel auto-combustion varied with the concentration of citric acid. Therefore carbon nanotubes with different diameters were obtained correspondingly. The effect of activation temperature on the activity of catalyst was negligible from 500 to 700℃, but it became pronounced at lower or higher temperatures.

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Investigation on Gas Storage in Methane Hydrate

Zhigao Sun;Rongsheng Ma;Shuanshi Fan;Kaihua Guo;Ruzhu Wang

2004, 13 (2): 107-112.

摘要 ( 8358 )

PDF(701KB) ( 2450 )

The effect of additives (anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), nonionic surfactant alkyl polysaccharide glycoside (APG), and liquid hydrocarbon cyclopentane (CP)) on hydrate induction time and formation rate, and storage capacity was studied in this work. Micelle surfactant solutions were found to reduce hydrate induction time, increase methane hydrate formation rate and improve methane storage capacity in hydrates. In the presence of surfactant, hydrate could form quickly in a quiescent system and the energy costs of hydrate formation were reduced. The critical micelle concentrations of SDS and APG water solutions were found to be 300×106 and 500×106 for methane hydrate formation system respectively. The effect of anionic surfactant (SDS) on methane storage in hydrates is more pronounced compared to a nonionic surfactant (APG). CP also reduced hydrate induction time and improved hydrate formation rate, but could not improve methane storage in hydrates.

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Direct Synthesis of Acetic Acid from CH4 and CO2 in the Presence of O2 over a V2O5-PdCl2/Al2O3 Catalyst

Wei Huang;Cuihong Zhang;Lihua Yin;Kechang Xie

2004, 13 (2): 113-115.

摘要 ( 10082 )

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The possibility of synthesizing acetic acid from CH4 and CO2 in the presence of O2 over a V2O5-PdCl2/Al2O3 catalyst has been explored. The result shows that it is feasible in catalyzing a direct conversion of CH4, CO2 and O2 to acetic acid. It is concluded that both CO2 and O2 are involved in the formation of acetic acid.

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