Journal of Energy Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (1): 479-494.DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.10.001

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A comprehensive review of pre-lithiation/sodiation additives for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Pranav Kulkarnia,b, Hyunyoung Jungb, Debasis Ghosha,b,*, Mohammed Jalalahc,d, Mabkhoot Alsaiaric,e, Farid A. Harrazc,f,*, R. Geetha Balakrishnaa,*   

  1. aCentre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Kanakapura, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India;
    bDepartment of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam 52725, South Korea;
    cPromising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
    dDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
    eEmpty Quarter Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia;
    fNanomaterials and Nanotechnology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
  • Received:2022-07-04 Revised:2022-09-29 Accepted:2022-10-01 Published:2023-01-10
  • Contact: *E-mail addresses: g.debasis@jainuniversity.ac.in (D. Ghosh), faharraz@nu.edu.sa (F.A. Harraz), br.geetha@jainuniversity.ac.in (R.G. Balakrishna).
  • About author:Pranav Kulkarni completed his doctoral work in physics from Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore in 2020. His doctoral research was focused on the development and understanding of electrode materials for energy storage applications such as lithium and sodium-ion batteries. Currently, he is working as a Brain Pool Fellow at Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, South Korea. His current research is focused on anode free metal batteries.
    Hyunyoung Jung is a principal investigator in the research laboratory of nanomaterials and energy systems at Gyeongsang National University. He received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Seoul National University in 2008 and was a research associate at Carnegie Mellon University in 2009 and Northeastern University from 2010 to 2015. He joined as a faculty member in the Department of Energy Engineering in 2015. He is a member of the Materials Research Society, European Materials Research Society, the Korean Electrochemical Society, the Korean Battery Society, the Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the Materials Research Society of Korea. His research interests include synthesis and structure-property relations of nanostructures and nanocomposites, materials science and applications of nanomaterials, next-generation energy storage systems, and phase stability in nanoscale systems.
    Debasis Ghosh (PhD, IIT Kharagpur, 2014) has been working on electrochemical energy storage and conversion for more than a decade. Before joining as Assistant Professor at the Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN University, Bangalore in 2017, he was appointed as a postdoctoral fellow at KAIST in South Korea and at the University of Waterloo, Canada for a couple of years. He is also a visiting Professor (2022 onwards) at the Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, South Korea. The current research interest of his research group includes rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and designing multifunctional electrocatalysts for OER/ORR/HER applications.
    Mohammed Jalalah received his M.Sc from the University of Manchester, United Kingdom (UK), in 2009, and his Ph.D. from Hanyang University, Republic of Korea (ROK), in 2018. He is currently working as an Assistance Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and in the Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED) at Najran University, Saudi Arabia. His research is focused on synthesizing and characterizing nanomaterials and quantum dots for energy, sensors, and catalysis applications.
    Mabkhoot Alsaiari received his PhD from University of Southampton, England in 2018. He is currently working as an Assistance Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science and arts, and in the Advanced material and nanotechnology research center at Najran University, Saudi Arabia. He is also acting as the Vice Dean of Scientific Research at Najran University. His research activity is focused on surface chemistry, mining and materials science, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors and photocatalysis.
    Farid A. Harraz received his BSc in chemistry (1991) and MSc in physical chemistry (1997), Cairo University, Egypt, the PhD from the School of Energy Science, Kyoto university, Japan in 2003. Currently he is a Professor at the Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. He has awarded Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoc Fellowship during 2003-2005 and Federation of Arab Scientific Research Councils Award for Outstanding Scientific Research in Nanotechnology in 2014. His research area focuses on development of nanomaterials for sensors, energy and catalysis applications.
    Geetha Balakrishna is presently the Director of Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN University. Her current research interest focuses on perovskites, oxide/sulphide nanocrystals, and colloidal quantum dots, which are active towards photons and hence applicable in solar cells, water purification/disinfection/ desalination, and sensing technologies. She is a fellow member of many renowned scientific world bodies such as ACS, ANS, MRS, and Assoc of Haz Mater. She has been nominated as the regional coordinator of Global Materials Network (MRS body) from India and is the commission member of IUMRS. She holds many patents and has successfully completed many funded projects.

Abstract: Lithium/Sodium-ion batteries (LIB/SIB) have attracted enormous attention as a promising electrochemical energy storage system due to their high energy density and long cycle life. One of the major hurdles is the initial irreversible capacity loss during the first few cycles owing to forming the solid electrolyte interphase layer (SEI). This process consumes a profusion of lithium/sodium, which reduces the overall energy density and cycle life. Thus, a suitable approach to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss must be developed to improve the energy density and cycle life. Pre-lithiation/sodiation is a widely accepted process to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss during the initial cycles. Various strategies such as physical, chemical, and electrochemical pre-lithiation/sodiation have been explored; however, these approaches add an extra step to the current manufacturing process. Alternative to these strategies, pre-lithiation/sodiation additives have attracted enormous attention due to their easy adaptability and compatibility with the current battery manufacturing process. In this review, we consolidate recent developments and emphasize the importance of using pre-lithiation/sodiation additives (anode and cathode) to overcome the irreversible capacity loss during the initial cycles in lithium/sodium-ion batteries. This review also addresses the technical and scientific challenges of using pre-lithiation/sodiation additives and offers the insights to boost the energy density and cycle life with their possible commercial exploration. The most important prerequisites for designing effective pre-lithiation/sodiation additives have been explored and the future directions have been discussed.

Key words: Pre-lithiation/sodiation additives, Solid electrolyte interphase, Anode pre-lithiation/sodiation additives, Cathode pre-lithiation/sodiation additives, Coulombic efficiency