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Transition metal carbonate anodes for Li-ion battery: fundamentals,synthesis and modification
Rui Zhang, Qingfeng Fu, Peng Gao, Wang Zhou, Hui Liu, Chaohe Xu, Jian-Fang Wu, Chuanjun Tu, Jilei Liu
2022, 70(7):
95-120.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.01.048
Even though transition metal carbonates (TMCs, TM = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni etc.), show high theoretical capac-ities, rich reserves and environmental friendliness as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), they suffer from sluggish electronic/ionic conductivities and huge volume variation, which severely deteriorate the rate capacities and cycling performances. Understanding the intrinsic reaction mechanism and further developing ideal TMC-based anode with high specific capacity, excellent rate capabilities, and long-term cycling stability are critical for the practical application of TMCs. In this review, we firstly focus on the fundamental electrochemical energy-storage mechanisms of TMCs, in terms of conversion- reaction process, pseudocapacitance-type charge storage, valence change for charge storage and catalytic conversion mechanisms. Based on the reaction mechanisms, various modification strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of TMCs are summarized, covering: (i) micro-nano structural engineer- ing, in which the influence factors on the morphology are discussed, and multiple architectures are listed; (ii) elemental doping, in which the intrinsic mechanisms of metal/nonmetal elements doping on the elec- trochemical performance are deeply explored; (iii) multifunctional compositing strategies, in which the specific affections on structure, electronic conductivity and chemo-mechanical stability are summarized. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities to develop high-performance TMCs are discussed and some solutions are also proposed. This timely review sheds light on the path towards achieving cost-effective and safe LIBs with high energy density and long cycling life using TMCs-based anode materials.
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